Fluid intelligence is independently associated with all-cause mortality over 17ᅡᅠyears in an elderly community sample: An investigation of potential mechanisms

Article history: Received 16 June 2008 Received in revised form 27 August 2008 Accepted 4 October 2008 Available online 22 November 2008 The long-term relationship between lower intelligence and mortality risk in later life is well established, even when controlling for a range of health and sociodemographic measures. However, there is some evidence for differential effects in various domains of cognitive performance. Specifically, tests of fluid intelligence may have a stronger association with mortality than do tests of crystallized intelligence. The present study examines the relationship between intelligence and mortality in a sample of 896 Australian community-dwelling males and females, aged 70–97 at recruitment and followed for up to 17 years. There were 687 deaths during the follow-up period. Cox proportional hazard regressionmodels examinedwhether the relationship between intelligence andmortality might bemediated by socioeconomic status, by health behaviors, by health status, or a combination of these. Higher fluid intelligence — as measured by the Symbol–Letter Modalities Test—was strongly associated with lowermortality rates (Hazard ratio=0.80; 95% confidence interval=0.72–0.88), even after accounting for any combination of potential mediators and confounders. A significant association between crystallized intelligence, as measured by the National Adult Reading Test, and mortality (HR=0.89; 95% CI=0.80–0.99) was attenuated by the inclusion of socioeconomic, health status measures, and health behavior measures and when deaths from the first four years of the study were excluded. The findings show little support for the hypothesized mechanisms of the intelligence–mortality relationship. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.